Suicidal inmates

Suicidal inmates. g. Initiation of suicide watch procedures will be authorized by mental health staff whenever possible. "Simply put, ADOC's mental-health Oct 19, 2017 · Prison suicide has become a major public issue that has reached epidemic proportions in Western countries. Suicide Prevention Training 15 Summary (Robert Nagle) Summary (Robert Nagel) Each of us has important Responsibilities with Suicidal Inmates: Consider the inner world of these inmates and communicate concern and empathy for their distress. Suicide Risk evaluations occur, per policy, whenever an inmate expresses suicidal ideation, makes threats, or makes a Oct 6, 2015 · Taking each suicide threat as the real thing ensures you’re always ready for when an inmate actually attempts suicide and prevent losing a life. Suicidal thoughts and behaviour are common in prisoners, contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality, with a wide range of modifiable risk factors. For the years 1978 through 2010, suicide rates on death row were higher than that for the general population of males over the age of 15 and for state prisons for all but 2 years. Others included changes to the referral and care of suicidal inmates, staff training, legislation changes, and a suicide prevention program for inmates with Borderline Personality Disorder. Suicide is one of the leading causes of inmate death, and many studies have explored suicidal risks among inmates in Western countries. In addition, television monitoring of celblocks should be provided, unbreakable glass partitions should be developed to replace horizontal locking bars which are often used for hanging, and efforts to lessen . S. [3] Suicides occur most commonly in isolation cells. An inmate's cell in the inmate housing unit at the Tulare County Adult Pre-Trial Facility on Sept. Twenty-nine percent of all jail suicides occur during the first 3 hours of incarceration, and 59 percent of all jail suicides occur during the first 24 hours of incarceration. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020137979. Suicide risk management is an ongoing process, not limited to a single event or series of events. The smock is typically a simple, sturdily quilted Jan 4, 2023 · One study with a large and diverse sample found that, in Canada, correctional workers reported past-year or lifetime suicidal ideation (7. 10 notes. These inmates should be monitored on an unpredictable schedule with no more than 15 minutes between checks (e. 5-pound smock so they can't hurt themselves or others Jun 1, 2005 · In addition, suicidal inmates sometimes harm themselves to manipulate staff, a situation removed by the inmate observers. 9% (Mannion, 2009 ). 2 among Washington state residents who had never been imprisoned. 2017 Oct 12;17(1):29. Prisoners accused or convicted of homicide and sexual offenses are more likely to die by suicide than others. Responding to suicidal and/or depressed inmates 4. Members of an inmate watch team accompany corrections officers during their nightly security Of the 187 total inmates who died by suicide, 102 of them were in restrictive housing units, according to the inspector general. Abstract. If self-harming inmates are labeled manipulative and therefore not treated, this may lead to their death, because research demonstrates that these "manipulative" individuals are at risk of suicide and need treatment. 74 suicides a year on death row. The arrangement can benefit observers as well; being an observer is a chance for inmates to demonstrate social interest and practice prosocial behavior, which increase the chance for success upon leaving prison, Junker says. The purpose of the present study was to document rates of SI in a mixed gender jail sample and examine socio-demographic and psychiatric Dec 13, 2020 · Suicidal thoughts are common in prisoners and are prospectively associated with suicidal behavior . When medical staff determine that an inmate is actively suicidal, a licensed physician or psychologist shall order placement of the inmate on suicide watch in a General Acute Care Hospital (GACH), Correctional Treatment Center (CTC), Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF), Outpatient Housing Unit (OHU), or other appropriate health care facility, for continual observation. The BSS score was in the high range for 15% of general population (GP) and 40% of Intermediate Care Suicide is a leading cause of death among the incarcerated; however, suicide and suicide attempt represent a small share of all acts of self-harm. Suicide prevention must be a joint responsibility of staff, medical and psychiatric personnel, family and friends, and other inmates. 9%), and attempts (n/a, 5. Such studies, however, have been extremely rare in China. Thomas Joiner has proposed an interpersonal theory of suicide in which thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and an acquired capability to commit self-harm predict suicidal behavior. 0% and 8. In total, 12 articles were relevant, with 6 involving multi-factored suicide prevention programs, and 2 involving peer focused programs. It is the second leading cause of death in jails and third in prisons. In 2013, 5. Therefore, the presence of suicidal ideation among former prison inmates, regardless of whether it leads to suicidal behavior, needs to be addressed as a risk factor for poor adjustment to community life. Jun 22, 2020 · In general, analyses revealed that: (a) attempted suicide was more commonly reported among younger prisoners, while suicidal ideation was more commonly reported among older prisoners; (b) the relationship between age and probability of reporting suicidal thoughts and behavior is curvilinear; (c) younger and older prisoners exhibit somewhat Mar 1, 2022 · This translates into a suicide rate of 36. Charles Wall, who has schizophrenia and had attempted suicide at a Riverside County The presence of suicidal ideation is an indicator of poor emotional or physical well-being . Increased training of staff is said to be a factor in reducing This research suggests there are identifiable factors that distinguish attempters from non-attempters and that predict suicidal attempts and self-harm in male and female offenders. In the intake area, a careful screening by medical and mental health personnel should occur to assess Jan 30, 2024 · Suicide Intervention. 41 deaths per 100,000 inmates, on average. A lawsuit follows 90% of suicides. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors distinguishing inmates who attempt suicide from inmates who complete suicide. In federal prisons, the suicide rate rose slightly, even though there were three fewer Feb 15, 2024 · Don Emmert/AFP via Getty Images. Provisions for adequate supervision of inmates who are mentally disabled and potentially suicidal inmates and procedures for documenting supervision; (6) Intervention and Emergency Treatment. Š The Physician’s Assistant/Nurse Practitioner (PA/NP) will refer suicidal or emotionally disturbed inmates on an emergency basis to the Program Jan 8, 2001 · Inmates are placed in a designated cell, all belongings removed and other prevention precautions initiated, as appropriate. , 2015 ). Inmate volunteers can apply for training. A selection panel chooses inmate participants in the program. A federal penitentiary in Atlanta had the highest number of inmate The same attorneys sued the department in November 2022 on behalf of an inmate who survived a suicide attempt. •When staff referrals of offenders for suicide risk assessments rise, the suicide rate drops. Here are some things intake officers should look for: Family suicide: Several studies have indicated suicidal behavior may in part be genetically transmitted. Lesson 2: Double celling offenders prevents suicide. 0%, 26. 2 For example, in Austria the suicide rate for male inmates (130·8 per 100,000 population) is 3·5 times higher than the general population 3; the UK female inmate suicide rate (83 per 100,000 population) is 20 A commonly used risk rating instrument is the Multi-Dimensional Risk Assessment. This evidence was evaluated as high quality mainly because of control for numerous confounders (age ranges, number of prior incarcerations, drug or violence-related convictions Nov 22, 2021 · Suicide is a global public health concern that disproportionately affects the most vulnerable and disadvantaged members of society. Dennis Shaner was an Army The data from 402 HIV-infected inmates in Lesotho showed the prevalence of depression and suicidal behaviors was 53. Addressing contributing factors like single-cell occupancy, a lack of mental-health The apparent motivations for prison suicide are most commonly fear of other inmates, of the consequences of one's crime, or imprisonment, and the loss of a significant relationship. Prisoners determined to have suicidal issues wear the 4. No studies to date have examined the prevalence of SI or its correlates in a mixed gender U. To involve all staff in suicide prevention: Dec 14, 2022 · The proportion of incarcerated people identified as engaging in suicide is even higher among those with mental health challenges: 61% (Gray et al. Suicide Risk Evaluations: While the Department conducts more than 5,000 suicide risk evaluations per month, it struggles to complete them with consistently high quality. Oct 7, 2021 · The average suicide rate for white inmates in local jails was 93 per 100,000 during the 5-year period of 2015-19, which is 5 times the rate for black inmates (18 per 100,000) and more than 3 times the rate for Hispanic inmates (26 per 100,000). Our inability to demonstrate effectiveness, however, is an ethical conundrum that cannot readily be solved. doi: 10. 00, "Response to Inmate Medical Emergencies. The most common time for suicides to occur is in the early morning hours. Barless windows and doors, pressure-breaking hangers, and blankets and bedding that tear away under pressure (hanging is the most common suicide method) can help prevent suicides. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression and suicidal behaviors among HIV-infected inmates, and to clarify the mechanisms underlying the impact of HIV-related stigma on suicidal behaviors •Facilities should double cell all inmates in locked cells a general practice, except when there is a compelling reason not to do so. We excluded studies with qualitative or ecological designs, those that reported on lifetime measures of self-harm or outcomes other than self-harm (eg, suicide, suicidal ideation, or a composite measure of suicide risk) or on selected samples of prisoners (eg, sex offenders, prisoners in contact with mental health services, or other groups at Constant observation (CO) of psychiatric inpatients at risk for suicidal behavior has been criticized in the literature because of the absence of demonstrable effectiveness, associated costs, staff and patient acceptance, and related issues. Using a stratified random sample of state prison inmates, we found that hopelessness and suicidal behavior remain significantly correlated even after social desirability is held constant, failing to replicate Linehan and Nielsen's (1981, 1983) findings. jail sample. Inmates had a nine times greater risk of dying by of suicide by inmates is a critical issue to be addressed at all correctional facilities by all correctional staff. Aug 19, 2020 · Regarding suicide, one study found inmates exposed to SC were 1. Identifying warning signs and risk factors of suicide 2. Jun 9, 2016 · Several prison suicide prevention strategies, including those in the US, UK, and Australia, have been developed partly in response to what is known about the epidemiology of suicide in prisoners and in-depth analyses of the prison and clinical records of inmates thought to have taken their own lives (Konrad et al. 18, 2023. (6) Referral The plan specifies the procedures for referring a potentially suicidal inmate and attempted suicides to a mental health care provider or facility, and includes time frames. Oct 25, 2022 · Transgender inmates who don't get proper gender-affirming care in prison can experience serious anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation. Scarpi wasn't the only inmate to attempt suicide May 6, 2019 · From 1977 to 2010, there were an average of 2. The validity of the suicide risk scale completed at intake was supported, as well as the inclusion of institutional adjustment and criminal history variables. Photo by Larry Valenzuela, CalMatters/CatchLight Local. SUI 1: Designate specific cells that will be utilized to house suicidal inmates, and ensure that inmates on suicide precautions are housed in suicide-resistant and protrusion-free cells. Over an eight-year period, 344 inmates in federal prison died from suicide, homicide or accidents, according to a report released Thursday by the Justice A core component of the suicide prevention program is the inmate suicide watch prevention program. 2%. Apr 20, 2010 · In other words, we can save lives by talking to potentially suicidal inmates - especially if they are suffering an emotional or personal crisis. While 93% of jails Suicidal ideation (SI) is an established precursor to suicidal behavior in incarcerated populations. The Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS) and a novel questionnaire were completed by 67 inmate-patients. , 5, 10, 7 minutes). Suicide, attempted suicide and suicide risk: Medium: Inconclusive - low base frequencies. “So the first time you come around, it might 15 May 15, 2024 · They used that data to estimate the suicide rate among the nearly 7. 66 The goal of this program is to identify suicidal inmates (on their arrival) and to monitor them as they move through the system. 1. 78 times more likely to die by suicide within a year (adjusted hazard ratio = 1. An inmate determined by a medical or mental health professional to be in imminent danger of committing suicide because of a recent suicide attempt, a verbalized threat to commit suicide, or other suicide risk indicator. 2. Inmates are given a Suicide Risk Rating score of 1, 2, or 3, indicating the severity of suicide potential. Jail design changes can also help prevent inmate suicides. Any incident in which an inmate’s suicide attempt Jan 14, 2022 · SAMS in PEN peer suicide prevention. Actively Suicidal. (2) Identification. Inmate suicide attempts and suicides are the most common causes of litigation in jails and prisons. [4] A Washington state inmate accused of fatally shooting five people last year also hanged himself this week, and a triple-murder suspect recently fell from the fourth floor of an Ohio courthouse in Suicide is a complex phenomenon and its prevention requires the involvement of a wide range of people and groups. Preventive interventions should target these risk factors and include improved access to evidence-based mental health care. 2 The motivations of inmates who harm themselves are complex and often difficult to discern. Suicide accounts for almost 40% of all deaths in South African prisons, making it the most common cause of unnatural death Oct 12, 2017 · Human rights and mental health in post-apartheid South Africa: lessons from health care professionals working with suicidal inmates in the prison system BMC Int Health Hum Rights . 70 deaths per 100,000 death row inmates. It is vital to prepare nurse practitioner (NP) students with the required skills to assess and manage youth with suicidal ideation. Keywords: capital punishment; death penalty; death row; forensic science; prison; suicide. All correctional personnel with responsibility for inmate supervision will identify and report at-risk inmates to the Apr 19, 2017 · About 8% of inmates in local jails were on suicide watch when they took their own lives, according to the 2010 report, which analyzed nearly 700 jail suicides in 2005 and 2006. Suicide prevention training includes, but is not limited to the following areas: 1. 22 and referrals to available mental health officials; May 6, 2024 · How a suicide crisis led to change in one small California county jail. Aug 12, 2019 · In most cases, inmates under this level of observation are checked on in 15-minute intervals. Pathways for suicide: Structural jail conditions and people in crisis. "These hazards included bed sheets which were In addition to screening inmates for possible suicide risk, jails should avoid placing the individual in an isolated environment. 1186/s12914-017-0136-0. [33] This study examined the prevalence, willingness to report, and treatment preferences for suicidal ideation among state prison inmates. Yet, most people who consider suicide will not engage in suicidal behavior . Referral procedures 5. Apr 19, 2017 · About 8% of inmates in local jails were on suicide watch when they took their own lives, according to the 2010 report, which analyzed nearly 700 jail suicides in 2005 and 2006. In an exploratory study, a questionnaire was administered to 38 jail inmates to test the applicability of this theory to these inmates. 828 male adults: Prison A better approach, however, is the diversion of suicidal inmates to appropriate social services for treatment. It is a phenomenon that can affect the entire prison community; both inmates and correctional officers are more vulnerable to suicide than the general population [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. " In the event of the discovery of an attempt or completed Feb 10, 2021 · This updated systematic review and meta-analysis was based on 35 351 suicides among people in prison from 77 studies in 27 countries, and synthesised risk factors for suicide by clinical, criminological, demographic, and institutional domains. Jan 4, 2022 · January 4, 2022 · 16 min read. Findings: We identified 8041 records Apr 1, 2013 · These inmates are problematic from a mental health perspective because it is often very difficult to determine whether the behavior is a reflection of a suicide attempt, an attempt to achieve some newly admitted inmate for signs that the inmate is at risk for suicide. The jail suicide rate was 50 per 100,000 inmates, compared to the rate of 13 suicides per 100,000 people across the entire United States population, in 2014, the most recent year with available data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Compared with attempters, completers tended to be older, male, more educated, and married or separated/divorced; pretrial, committed for a violent crime, incarcerated in jail, housed in an inpatient mental health unit or protective custody setting, living in a single Feb 24, 2022 · In America’s jails, suicide is the leading cause of death – the rate of suicide is nearly three times higher in jails than in prisons or the general public. May 23, 2016 · Two other inmates in the cell block overheard Lanzante respond, “Whatever. 67]). B. While 93% of jails Mar 18, 2021 · Suicide completion is the leading cause of death for individuals who are incarcerated, and research among incarcerated women is lacking. Jul 13, 2009 · Suicide is a significant problem within jails and prisons. Inmate Susan Smith was transported to court from the jail at 0630 hours to have her sentencing hearing in circuit court followed by a child custody hearing in family court. BATON ROUGE — A Louisiana prison brutally punishes suicidal and mentally ill inmates by isolating them for months or even years, chaining them to wooden chairs and opening windows to To prevent inmate suicides, jailers need to be aware of potential suicidal behvior and the methods used by inmates to kill themselves. In 2022, Tulare County had eight inmate deaths in their facility, the deadliest year in the jail’s history. Jan 2, 1999 · Procedures for the assignment of inmates who are mentally disabled and potentially suicidal inmates to appropriate housing; (5) Supervision. Charles Wall, who has schizophrenia and had attempted suicide at a Riverside County The prevention of jail suicide should begin in the intake area. Many factors that were associated with suicide completion Approximately one in five adolescents in the United States has a mental health concern and suicide is the second leading cause of death in this population. For state prison inmates not facing execution, the suicide rate was 17. The situation is worse among HIV-infected inmates. It was a warm, sunny morning in May when the privately owned inmate transport van pulled into the sally port at the Greene County Jail. Do what you want to do” before walking away, say Scarpi's lawyers. Second, we examined which of these factors were associated with in-prison suicide attempt among participants reporting suicidal ideation (n = 399). , 2003 ), 48% (Loughran & Seewoonarain, 2005 ), and 52. Communication between correctional and health care personnel 6. The risk of suicide increased with the number of times a person had been in prison: Those who had been imprisoned once had a 42% increased risk; twice, a 67% Jan 4, 2024 · Crime & Safety Suicide Of 21-Year-Old Inmate At Riverside County Jail Sparks Lawsuit Alicia Upton of San Jacinto hung herself in her cell after the sheriff and his staff ignored warning signs, the Aug 8, 2021 · Increased social isolation and low feelings of belonging are risk factors for suicide ideation and attempts. Custody personnel shall immediately interrupt, and if necessary, provide appropriate aid to an inmate who threatens or exhibits self-injurious behavior, in accordance with procedures delineated in CDM section 5-03/060. 3 per 100,000 person-years among the previously incarcerated compared with 17. When mental health staff are not immediately present, security supervisors may place an inmate on suicide watch. Critical Suicide Attempt. 2%), with a prevalence being considerably higher than general population estimates ( Carleton et al. 78 [1. 6%), planning (2. Female and institution maladaptation were risk factors for depression, and the risk factor for suicidal behaviors was non-participation of institution activities. b. Jul 22, 2021 · The identification of inmates who are suicidal or who may attempt suicide should begin when the inmate initially enters the custody of the Sheriff's Department. These strategies need Provisions for adequate supervision of inmates who are mentally disabled and/or potentially suicidal and procedures for documenting supervision; (6) Intervention and Emergency Treatment. One individual said the experience was "catastrophic Jan 5, 2024 · The cell "was known to pose risk of death [and] injury to suicidal inmates by virtue of the hazards contained in the cell," according to the lawsuit. Feb 20, 2018 · 1:49. 19–2. 3. If the potentially suicidal inmate cannot have constant one-on-one supervision, housing detainees, arrestees, or inmates in a group of two or more individuals with constant direct visual observation is the best Apr 9, 2024 · According to a recent meta-analysis of prison suicides in 24 counties, Norway was found to have a substantially higher risk of suicide among prisoners than the general population, with 180 suicides per 100,000 prisoners . May 15, 2019 · Suicide prevention starts with your intake screening. 1 million adults who had been released from jail at least once in 2019. The five strongest factors associated with suicide risk were suicidal ideation during current period Jun 6, 2021 · Depression and suicidal behaviors are two common psychiatric problems observed among people living with HIV. Doing so is a key element in any comprehensive suicide prevention program. Suicide Prevention: Instructor's Manual (2007) Participants of this 32-hour training program about suicide prevention should be able to: recognize characteristics of correctional facilities that foster suicide; list signs and symptoms of a possible suicidal inmate; know the times for increased suicidal risk; recognize the events that can Jul 22, 2022 · Suicide is a leading cause of death in prisons, 1 and correctional facility suicide rates are higher than the general population. Many of these suicides result in litigation alleging negligence or deliberate indifference. The inmate will be placed in a safe cell with documented monitoring by correctional officers no less than every fifteen minutes. Recognize when conditions for a suicide “perfect storm” exist (vulnerability, Mar 29, 2019 · Failed to identify and treat inmates at risk of suicide; Placed seriously mentally ill inmates in seclusion without considering the impact of those circumstances. Inmates are especially impacted by COVID-19 in this regard, both in terms of physical isolation if placed in quarantine within the facility and the reduction or cancellation of visitations and further limitations placed on phone calls or Dec 7, 2021 · Abstract. Meta-analyses have identified suicidal ideation as the strongest of all risk factors for both suicide and self-harm in prisons. Few jails and prisons have so far succeeded in consistently and effectively detecting and intervening in incidents of inmate suicidal behavior. 62 deaths per 100,000 people. The average suicide rate was 129. Procedures for intake screening to identify inmates who are known to be or observed to be mentally disabled and/or potentially suicidal and procedures for compliance with Code of Criminal Procedure Article 16. And for males over age 15, it was 24. About 40 percent of deaths occur within the first seven days of admission to jail. Because of China's unique cultural and social conditions, suicide displays many distinctive features and one of them is the greater percentage of women Jan 3, 2024 · The same attorneys sued the department in November 2022 on behalf of an inmate who survived a suicide attempt. Procedures for staff intervention prior to the occurrence of a suicide and during the progress of a suicide attempt, or serious deterioration of mental condition; Apr 30, 2021 · Suicide in jails and prisons is a significant public health issue in the United States and worldwide. , (2021) 22: England: Prospective cohort design. This implies that suicidal ideation is An anti-suicide smock, Ferguson, turtle suit, pickle suit, Bam Bam suit, [1] or suicide gown, is a tear-resistant single-piece outer garment that is generally used to prevent a hospitalized, incarcerated, or otherwise detained individual from forming a noose with the garment to commit suicide. What the inmate says and how he or she behaves while being transported to the jail and/or booked, and during the medical screening process at the Inmate Reception Center (IRC) or Century Regional Detention Facility (CRDF), are vital Aug 12, 2021 · In Michigan, the number of self-inflicted deaths more than doubled to 10 last year, compared to four in 2019. One of them are correctional administrators who are responsible for developing or implementing mental health programmes in correctional settings, and correctional officers and care givers who are responsible for the safety and custody of suicidal inmates. First, we examined which clinical, criminological, and custodial factors were associated with suicidal ideation while incarcerated among the total sample of prisoners (n = 1,203). May 12, 2015 · Anxious, depressed, psychotic and suicidal inmates are at increased risk of deteriorating emotionally and of having impaired judgment in such settings. Demographic and cultural parameters of suicide 3. “It’s best to stagger the walks,” he added. 6%, 11. Ordinarily, this screening is to take place within twenty-four hours of the inmate’s admission to the institution. The article acknowledges that suicide is one of the leading causes of death in jail settings, and states that the role of the clinician is to assess the inmate’s risk for such behavior, as suicide rates could be the result of stressors unique to the jail environment. In 2019, the suicide rate in jails was over two times that of the general public. Key residential areas are monitored by watch teams deployed nightly on a rotating schedule. Nonacutely suicidal (potentially or inactive) inmates are those who express current suicidal ideation and/or have a recent prior history of self-destructive behavior. 3 Inmates often arrive in correctional settings with significant pre-existing mental illness and histories Jun 21, 2010 · View full size Ferguson Safety Products Safety smocks from Ferguson Safety Products. Estimates show that there are 80 suicide attempts for every fatal suicide within a correctional facility. May 14, 2019 · Suicide is the leading cause of death in jails. A request to meet a SAM is made directly between potential client and peer volunteer. Lawsuits, often motivated by money We calculated random-effects pooled odds ratios (ORs) for the association of suicide with demographical, clinical, criminological, and institutional risk factors, and investigated heterogeneity using subgroup and meta-regression analyses. 5% of all state prison deaths resulted from suicide (Noonan et al. This project used state-level data to explore factors that contribute to suicide completion for incarcerated women from 21 states from 2003 to 2015. Within a similar dataset in an earlier Suicide Prevention is a subject area that touches 3 of the categories: Jail Facilities, Custody Hiring, Staffing, and Training, and Inmate Healthcare. Several modifiable risk factors, such as psychiatric diagnosis, suicidal ideation during the current period in prison, and single-cell occupancy, are associated with suicide among people in prison. With jury awards that have exceeded $1 million, the National Institute of Corrections has said the results of those lawsuits can be “financially devastating” to a correctional (1) Suicide Watch. Aug 17, 2022 · According to the latest Bureau of Justice Statistics report, suicides were the leading cause of jail deaths between 2000 and 2019, totaling 6,217 — 30 percent of all deaths in local jails. Inmates who have experienced the suicide of a family member or a loved one (both in or out of jail) may be at higher risk. In some cases, inmate observation aides have been trained to monitor inmates identified as potential suicide risks and to recognize warning signs of suicidal behavior. Perry et al. Despite the empirical links between incarceration and Suicide among inmates is not just a moral issue but also a financial one. , 2021 ). This study presents suicide data for death row inmates from 1978 through 2010. , 2007). vo as gf ps rl eh vc ew yd km